OLD WORLD SUMMARY AND TRAIL OF THE NEPHITES
NORTH AMERICAN SUMMARY AND TRAIL OF THE NEPHITES
Book of Mormon Evidence.org believes The Book of Mormon events in the New World occurred in North America. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is neutral on this subject. Our information is based on archaeology, anthropology, text of the Book of Mormon, distances, geology, and we believe the many rivers were the highways of the ancients including the Nephites.
We believe Lehi landed in Florida near Tallahassee about 589 BC. Later, after Lehi dies, Nephi escaped north possibly using the Chattahoochee River to Unicoi Gap, GA, and then traveling on the Hiawasee River which connects to the Tennessee River then, settling near Chattanooga, Tennessee which area became the land of Nephi and also called the Land Lehi-Nephi.
Mosiah was told by the Lord to leave Tennessee (about 323 BC) and he traveled the Tennessee River west then north to the Ohio River then traveling north on the Mississippi River, to the land of Zarahemla (modern Illinois, Iowa, Missouri). Eventually Mosiah made his way to the city of Zarahemla at Montrose Iowa (D&C 125:3), where the Mulekites already lived.
Shortly after Lehi left Jerusalem for the new World, in about 586 BC the Mulekites (Descendants of King Zedekiah) came from Jerusalem by way of the Atlantic Ocean and ascended the lower and upper Mississippi Rivers until they stopped at the Des Moines river rapids near Nauvoo. They lived along the Mississippi river (the land of Zarahemla) until Mosiah arrived from the land of Nephi. Mosiah meets the people of Zarahemla and translated Coriantumr’s stone. (Read Omni 1:17, 21).
Zeniff left Zarahemla (Montrose, Iowa) about 200-187 BC to possess the land of first inheritance near Chattanooga Tennessee. Zeniff’s son, King Noah reigned in wickedness about 160 BC in Tennessee or the Land Lehi-Nephi. (Mosiah 9-22).
Abinadi taught the 10 Commandments and Isaiah to Noah (Zeniff’s son) and his court and was then killed. Alma the older was one priest in Noah’s court who heard and believed the words of Abinadi. When the wicked priests of Noah found out about Alma they attempted to kill him. Alma and his followers visited the Waters of Mormon which was probably in northern Georgia close to Chattanooga. ( We like Catoosa Springs, GA and Crawfish Springs, GA as possibilities 12-18 miles south of Chattanooga). Eventually Alma the older and his people escaped to Helam and Amulon (near the Pinson Mounds) in Eastern Tennessee and then later joined the Nephites in Zarahemla using the Mississippi River north.
King Limhi the son of wicked Noah in about 130 BC sent 43 men from Tennessee to find Zarahemla. They got lost, probably by going up the Ohio River towards the land they found bones and breastplates, near West Virginia, Pennsylvania, or near Cumorah, instead of traveling the Mississippi River directly to Zarahemla in Iowa. Eventually they returned from Cumorah area to Tennessee with the Jaredite records.
Ammon left Zarahemla (121 BC Iowa) to teach the Lamanites and with his fellow missionaries and they met King Limhi, in Tennessee who put Ammon in prison. Ammon converts Limhi who tells Ammon about the Jaredite records. Ammon eventually led Limhi and his people back to Zarahemla so Mosiah could baptize Limhi. Mosiah translated the Jaredite records.
Mosiah has Alma the older organize seven churches. Around 100 BC Alma’s son (Alma the younger) and the four sons of Mosiah rebel and seek to destroy the Church. An angel intervenes, they are converted.
Mosiah sets up a system of judges. He and Alma die. Alma the younger becomes chief judge and high priest. He leads a battle against the Amlicites around 87 BC along the Mississippi River near Nauvoo, Illinois. (Alma 2)
Alma resigns the judgment seat to work full time as high priest and teaches all over Illinois and possibly Indiana. He preaches to the Nephites. The sons of Mosiah preach to the Lamanites in Tennessee and Kentucky from about 91-77 BC.
A big battle between the Nephites and Lamanites occurs near 77-76 BC in the Land of Zarahemla. Alma teaches his sons, etc.
Around 74 BC, the Lamanites cross the Ohio river and attack the Nephites in Illinois. Wars ensue and last through about 50 BC.
Nephites have wars and government corruption. There’s a famine around 20 BC.
Samuel the Lamanite cried repentance to the Nephites from the wall at Zarahemla in 6 BC. Some are converted and are baptized.
The Lord Jesus Christ appeared to the Nephites and some Lamanites near Newark (or Kirtland) Ohio in 34 AD.
The Land Bountiful was mostly the state of Ohio and peaceful for nearly 200 years. The Newark Ohio Earthworks. portions which exists today, is dated to have been built between 100 BC to 100 AD and would probably be built during a time of peace.
Young Mormon with his father (Mormon 1:6), traveled from Cumorah (NY) to Zarahemla (Iowa) in 321 AD at age 10 and later Mormon became the leader of the Nephites at age 15 in 326 AD. The first battles of the last war began in the Land Zarahemla.
Here we will consider a possible scenario of where Zelph may fit into the history of the Book of Mormon, by using information from journals, scriptures and other quotes. (This is only speculation with our belief of Heartland Geography)
- Zelph fought for the Nephites and died in one of the last battles with the Lamanites. This battle would have had to be in the Land of Zarahemla, near present day Valley City, Illinois as this is where Zelph was discovered buried by Zion’s Camp.
- The beginning battle of the last battles between the Nephites and Lamanites began in Zarahemla near the Sidon River in 322 AD (Mormon 1:10). The last battle in the Land of Zarahemla was probably in 328 AD near the borders of the west sea. (Possibly Lake Michigan or Lake Erie. Mormon 2:6)
- According to Joseph Fielding Smith, “In the Book of Mormon story the Lamanites were constantly crowding the Nephites back towards the north and east. If the battles in which Zelph took part were fought in the country traversed by the Zion’s Camp, then we have every reason to believe from what is written in the Book of Mormon, that the Nephites were forced farther and farther to the north and east until they found themselves in the land of Ripliancum, which both Ether and Mormon declare to us was the land of Ramah or Cumorah, a land of “many waters,” which “by interpretation, is large, or to exceed all.” This being true, what would be more natural then that Moroni, like his father Mormon, would deposit the plates in the land where the battles came to an end and the Nephites were destroyed? This Moroni says he did, and from all the evidence in the Book of Mormon, augmented by the testimony of the Prophet Joseph Smith, these final battles took place in the territory known as the United States and in the neighborhood of the Great Lakes and hills of Western New York. And here Moroni found the resting place for the sacred instruments which had been committed to his care.”
- In 327 AD, Mormon was 16 years old and chosen to be the Nephite leader. (Mormon 2:1) In Mormon’s first battle, his army was afraid and headed toward the north countries to the city of Angola, which was probably still in the land of Zarahemla. Zelph may have been a contemporary of Mormon while together in the Land of Zarahemla.
The possible conclusion of where Zelph may fit into the historicity of the Book of Mormon is either, Zelph may have died in 322 AD before Mormon became the Nephite leader or, Zelph may have died in 327 AD in Mormon’s first battle against the Lamanites in the City of Angola before the Nephites went even farther north and east toward Cumorah. The reasoning is because Joseph Smith said that Zelph fought in one of the last battles of the final battles, or in a final battle between the Lamanites and Nephites.
Mormon and his son Captain Moroni fought all the way from Illinois east by north east through Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and to Cumorah for the last battle of the Nephites and Lamanites in 385 AD. Mormon abridged the records of the Nephites and gave his abridgment to his son Moroni. The Hill Ramah, named by the Jaredites is the same as Hill Cumorah named by the Nephites in upstate New York, where each battle had its ending. See Ether 15:11
To see many quotes verifying the last battles at Cumorah visit here.
Moroni avoided the Lamanites and recorded some information on the plates after his father left him. He deposits the plates in upstate NY in the Hill Cumorah and died about 421 AD.
It is interesting that a Book of Mormon Chiasmus occurred here. The Nephites begin the battles at Zarahemla and traveled north east where their lives ended at Cumorah. The gospel in the latter days began in the east at Cumorah and traveled south west over the same lands to Kirtland and back to Zarahemla.
Overall Book of Mormon Timeline
- Tower of Babel—Jaredites language not confounded. (Ether 1:33–37)
- Jaredites traveled to great sea, and barges were built. (Ether 2:1–18)
- Brother of Jared saw the premortal Christ. (Ether 3:6–16)
- Jaredites journeyed to the promised land. (Ether 6:1–12)
- Secret combination between Jared and Akish. (Ether 8:7–19)
- The prophet Ether warned King Coriantumr and the Jaredites. (Ether 12:1–5; Ether 13:1–22)
- Destruction of the Jaredites. (Ether 15:13–32)
- Coriantumr—last Jaredite survivor discovered by Mulekites. (Ether 15:32. See also Omni 1:20–22.)
- Lehi’s vision of the destruction of Jerusalem. (1 Ne. 1:6–15)
- Lehi commanded to leave Jerusalem. (1 Ne. 2:1–4)
- Lehi’s familydeparted from Jerusalem. (1 Ne. 2:1–4)
- Nephi and his brothers obtained the brass plates of Laban. (1 Ne. 3; 1 Ne. 4)
- Zoram, Laban’s servant, joined Lehi’s family. (1 Ne. 4:35, 38)
- Ishmael’s family joined Lehi. (1 Ne. 7)
- Lehi’s dream of the tree of Life. (1 Ne. 8)
- Nephi’s visions and prophecies. (1 Ne. 11–15)
- Liahona discovered. (1 Ne. 16:9–16)
- Nephi’s bow broken. (1 Ne. 16:18–32)
- Death of Ishmael. (1 Ne. 16:34–39)
- The building of a ship at Bountiful. (1 Ne. 17:8–17; 1 Ne. 18:1–5)
- Voyage to the promised land. (1 Ne. 18:5–23)
- Nephi made two sets of plates. (1 Ne. 19)
- Mulekites left Jerusalem. (Omni 1:15–16)
- Nephite–Lamanite split. (2 Ne. 5)
- Jacob succeed Nephi as prophet. Death of Nephi. (Jacob 1)
- Jacob’s discourse. (Jacob 2–6)
- Sherem confronted Jacob. (Jacob 7)
- Enos forgiven of his sins. (Enos 1)
- Efforts to teach Lamanites the gospel were unsuccessful. (Enos 1:14)
- Mosiah I led the righteous Nephites from Nephi to Zarahemla. (Omni 1:12–19)
- King Benjamin reigned in Zarahemla. (Omni 1:23–25; W of M 1:12–18)
- Zeniff left Zarahemla and established a Nephite colony in the land of Nephi. (Omni 1:27–30; Mosiah 9:1–9)
- King Benjamin’s address. (Mosiah 2–5)
- Mosiah II became king of Zarahemla. (Mosiah 6)
- With the Lord’s help, Zeniff’s people prevailed against the Lamanites. (Mosiah 9:14–19; Mosiah 10)
- Noah succeed Zeniff as king of the Nephite colony. (Mosiah 11:1–15)
- Abinadi’s ministry and death. (Mosiah 12–17)
- Alma the Elder was converted—baptized at the Waters of Mormon. (Mosiah 17; Mosiah 18)
- Gideon’s insurrection against Noah. (Mosiah 19)
- Death of King Noah by fire. (Mosiah 19:19, 20)
- Noah’s son Limhi became king over the Nephites in bondage. (Mosiah 19)
- The twenty-four gold plates were discovered. (Mosiah 21:25–27)
- Ammon led Limhi’s people to Zarahemla. (Mosiah 7;Mosiah 22)
- Alma the Elder and his followers were put in bondage at Helam. (Mosiah 23; Mosiah 24)
- Alma’s people were delivered and arrived in Zarahemla. (Mosiah 24:13–25)
- Alma the Elder was made high priest over the Nephites in Zarahemla. (Mosiah 25:15–21; Alma 4:18)
- Conversion of Alma the Younger and the four sons of Mosiah. (Mosiah 27)
- The four sons of Mosiah left on a mission to the Lamanites. (Mosiah 28:1–9)
- Alma the Younger became record keeper, first chief judge, and high priest over the Nephites. (Mosiah 28:20; Mosiah 29:42–44)
- Beginning of the reign of the judges. (Mosiah 29:44)
- Death of Mosiah II and Alma the Elder. (Mosiah 29:45, 46)
- Nehor introduced priestcraft among the Nephites. (Alma 1:1–15)
- Amlici sought to become king over the Nephites. (Alma 2:1–31)
- Alma the Younger gave up the judgement seat to Nephihah. (Alma 4:11–20)
- Alma the Younger and Amulek preached to Ammonihahites. (Alma 8–10; Alma 12; Alma 13)
- Zeezrom was converted. (Alma 11; Alma 14; Alma 15)
- City of Ammonihah was destroyed by a Lamanite army. (Alma 16:1–12)
- Reunion of Alma the Younger and the four sons of Mosiah. (Alma 17:1–4)
- King Lamoni and his household were converted. (Alma 17;Alma 18; Alma 19)
- Ammon and Lamoni encountered Lamoni’s father. (Alma 20)
- Aaron preached the gospel to Lamoni’s father and his household. (Alma 22)
- The Anti-Nephi-Lehies were converted. (Alma 23–25; Alma 27)
- Anti-Nephi-Lehies were given the land of Jershon. (Alma 27)
- Korihor the Anti-Christ was struck dumb. (Alma 30)
- Alma the Younger led a mission among the Zoramites. (Alma 31–35)
- Captain Moroni defeated Zerahemnah. (Alma 43; Alma 44)
- Disappearance of Alma the Younger. (Alma 45:15–19)
- Amalickiah tried to become king over the Nephites. (Alma 46:1–10)
- The title of liberty rallied freedom-loving Nephites. (Alma 46:11–37)
- Captain Moroni prepared the Nephites to defend their freedom (Alma 48–50)
- Captain Moroni defeated the rebellious king-men. (Alma 51)
- Teancum killed Amalickiah, who was succeeded by Ammoron. (Alma 51:33, 34; Alma 52:3)
- Captain Moroni, Lehi, and Teancum regained several captured cities. (Alma 52–55)
- Helaman I and the stripling warriors helped the Nephites. (Alma 53; Alma 56–58)
- Captain Moroni and Pahoran corresponded. (Alma 59–61)
- Lamanites were driven from Nephite lands; peace was established. (Alma 62:12–52)
- Death of Captain Moroni and Pahoran. (Alma 63:3; Hel. 1:2)
- Hagoth built ships and sailed forth. (Alma 63:5–8)
- Kishkumen formed a secret combination and murdered Pahoran’s son. (Hel. 1:1–12)
- Gadianton became the leader of Kishkumen’s band. (Hel. 2)
- Thousands of Lamanites were converted through the efforts of Nephi and Lehi. (Hel. 5)
- Lamanites were more righteous than Nephites and sent missionaries among Nephites. (Hel. 6:1–6)
- Free interchange of commerce between the Nephites and Lamanites. (Hel. 6:7–9)
- Gadianton robbers seized control of the Nephite government. (Hel. 6:15–41)
- Nephi, son of Helaman II, prophesied the murder of the chief judge. (Hel. 7–9)
- Nephi, son of Helaman II, was given great power. (Hel. 10;Hel. 11)
- Samuel the Lamanite warned the Nephites. (Hel. 13–15)
- Signs given of the Savior’s birth. (3 Ne. 1)
- Lachoneus and Giddianhi defeated the Gadianton robbers. (3 Ne. 3; 3 Ne. 4)
- Nephites divided into tribes. (3 Ne. 7)
- Signs given of Christ’s death. (3 Ne. 8)
- Jesus Christappeared to the Nephite. (3 Ne. 11:1–17)
- Jesus chose twelve disciples among the Nephites. (3 Ne. 12:1)
- Jesus taught his gospel and organized his church. (3 Ne. 12–27)
- Era of peace following Christ’s ministry. (4 Ne. 1)
- The Three Nephites were changed. (3 Ne. 28)
- A few people revolted and became Lamanites. (4 Ne. 1:20)
- The people were divided into Nephites and Lamanites. (4 Ne. 1:35–42)
- Ammaron gave Mormon charge of the plates. (Morm. 1:1–4)
- Mormon deposited all the plates except the plates of Mormon, which he gave to his son Moroni. (Morm. 6:6)
- Final battle between the Nephites and Lamanites at Cumorah. (Morm. 6:7–15)
- Moroni wandered alone and abridged the Jaredite history.(Morm. 8; Ether 1:1, 2; Moro. 1:1)
- Moroni recorded his farewell and deposited the plates of Mormon in the Hill Cumorah. (Moro. 10)
Book of Mormon Chronology by Wikipedia
- 1 Jaredites
- 1I. Pioneering Phase (3100-2920 B.C.) Years
- 2II. Formation Phase (2920-2320 B.C.)
- 3III. Disruption Phase (2320-1720 B.C.)
- 4IV. Elaboration Phase (1720-1120 B.C.)
- 5V. Decline Phase (1120-570 B.C.)
- 2Jerusalem and environs
- 3The land of Nephi
- 1About 589 BC, in the promised land
- 2Between 588 and 570 BC, the land of their first inheritance
- 3Between 588 and 570 BC, the land of Nephi
- 4569 BC, the land of Nephi
- 5559 BC, the land of Nephi
- 6Between 559 and 545 BC, the land of Nephi
- 7544 BC, the land of Nephi
- 8Between 544 and 421 BC, the land of Nephi
- 9420 BC, the land of Nephi
- 10Between 420 and 400 BC, the land of Nephi
- 11Between 399 and 361 BC, the land of Nephi
- 12361 BC, the land of Nephi
- 13323 BC, the land of Nephi
- 14317 BC, the land of Nephi
- 15279 BC, the land of Nephi
- 16Between 279 and 130 BC, the land of Nephi
- 4Zarahemla
- 1Between 279 and 130 BC, Zarahemla
- 2About 200 BC, Zarahemla
- 3About 200 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 4About 188 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 5About 187 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 6About 177 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 7Probably about 160 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 8About 150 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 9About 148 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 10About 147 BC, the place of Mormon
- 11About 145 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 12Between 145 and 122 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 13Between 130 and 121 BC, Zarahemla
- 14About 121 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 15About 120 BC, land of Lehi-Nephi
- 16About 120 BC, Zarahemla
- 17Between 120 and 92 BC, Zarahemla
- 18About 92 BC, Zarahemla
- 1991 BC, Zarahemla
- 5The reign of the judges
- 191 BC, Zarahemla
- 2About 90 BC, Zarahemla
- 3About 90 BC, among the Lamanites
- 4Between 90 and 81 BC, among the Lamanites
- 587 BC, Zarahemla
- 6Between 86 and 84 BC, Zarahemla
- 7Between 83 and 81 BC, Zarahemla and environs
- 8Between 81 and 77 BC, among the Lamanites
- 9Between 76 and 69 BC, Zarahemla
- 10Between 68 and 67 BC, Zarahemla
- 11Between 66 and 63 BC, Zarahemla
- 12Between 62 and 60 BC, Zarahemla
- 13Between 60 and 53 BC, Zarahemla
- 14Between 52 and 39 BC, Zarahemla
- 15Between 38 and 30 BC, Zarahemla
- 16Between 29 and 24 BC, the lands of Mulek and Lehi
- 17Between 23 and 14 BC, Zarahemla
- 18Between 13 and 7 BC, throughout the land
- 19Between 6 and 5 BC, Zarahemla
- 20Between 2 and 1 BC, Zarahemla
- 211 BC, Zarahemla
- 6From the birth of Christ to His death
- 7The coming of Christ
- 8Mormon and Moroni
- 9Contents of the Book
JAREDITES
600 BC
580 BC
580 BC
(Mulekite history represented by light pink on the timeline).
LEHI’S FAMILY
592 BC
588 BC
NEPHITES / LAMANITES
570 BC
560 BC
550 BC
NEPHITES / LAMANITES
540 BC
530 BC
NEPHITES / LAMANITES
420 BC
NEPHITES / LAMANITES
480 BC
NEPHITES / LAMANITES
320 BC
280 BC
180 BC
180 BC
130 BC
ZENIFF – ALMA – LIMHI
200 BC
155 BC
148 BC
145 BC
145 BC
145 – 121 BC
145 – 121 BC
121 BC
120 BC
120 BC
120 BC
KING BENJAMIN – ALMA – MOSIAH – ALMA THE YOUNGER
125 BC
121 BC
120 BC
120 BC
120 BC
100 BC
92 BC
92 BC
91 BC
ALMA THE YOUNGER – SONS OF MOSIAH – HELAMAN & STRIPLING WARRIORS
92 – 77 BC
91 BC
90 BC
89 BC
80 BC
78 BC
75 BC
74 BC
74 BC
73 BC
72 BC
64 BC
60 BC
PAHORAN – GADIANTON ROBBERS – NEPHI & LEHI – SAMUEL THE LAMANITE
50 BC
50 BC
50 BC
40 BC
38 BC
30 BC
25 BC
20 BC
15 BC
6 BC
CHRIST APPEARS IN THE AMERICA’S
15 AD
20 AD
25 – 30 AD
250 AD
300 AD
320 AD
MORMON
325 AD
350 AD
360 AD
370 AD
380 AD
385 AD
MORONI